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The ignition system is a critical component of many internal combustion engines, responsible for igniting the fuel-air mixture that powers the engine. Over the decades, ignition systems have evolved significantly, improving reliability, efficiency, and performance. This article explores the fascinating journey of ignition systems from their early mechanical beginnings to the sophisticated electronic systems used in classic cars today.
Early ignition systems: the Kettering breakthrough
The story of modern ignition systems begins in the early 20th century with Charles Kettering. In 1910, Kettering invented the first practical ignition system, known as the Kettering ignition system or the Delco ignition system. This system used a set of contact points, a condenser, a coil, and a distributor to create the high-voltage spark needed to ignite the fuel.
- Contact Points: Also known as breaker points, these mechanical contacts opened and closed to interrupt the current flowing through the ignition coil, creating a high-voltage spark.
- Condenser: This component, placed parallel to the points, helped to prevent arcing and pitting of the points, extending their lifespan.
- Distributor: The distributor routed the high-voltage spark to the correct spark plug at the right time in the engine cycle.
This system was used in cars for many decades, providing a reliable means of ignition but requiring regular maintenance to keep the points properly adjusted and the distributor in good working order.
Mechanical ignition with breaker points
The rise of electronic ignition systems
By the 1960s and 70s, the limitations of mechanical ignition systems became increasingly apparent. Points would wear out, leading to poor engine performance and the need for frequent adjustments. The automotive industry began to explore electronic alternatives to improve reliability and reduce maintenance.
- Transistorized Ignition: The first step towards electronic ignition was the transistorized ignition system, introduced in the early 1960s. This system used transistors to control the timing of the spark, reducing the wear on mechanical points and improving ignition timing accuracy.
- Capacitor Discharge Ignition (CDI): In the late 1960s, CDI systems emerged. These systems stored electrical energy in a capacitor and released it in a quick, powerful burst to the ignition coil, generating a high-voltage spark. This provided a powerful spark at high engine speeds and reduced wear on the ignition components.
Electronic ignitions without breaker points: the game changer
The major breakthrough came in the 1970s with the development of fully electronic ignition systems, which eliminated mechanical points altogether. These systems used solid-state yet still analog components to control the timing and distribution of the spark, offering significant improvements in performance and reliability.
- Magnetic Pickup and Hall Effect Sensors: Instead of mechanical points, electronic ignition systems used magnetic pickups or Hall effect sensors to detect the position of the crankshaft or camshaft. These sensors sent signals to the ignition control module to trigger the spark at the precise moment.
- Ignition Control Modules: The ignition control module, often a small electronic box, replaced the mechanical distributor’s role in controlling spark timing. This allowed for more precise control of the ignition timing, adapting to different engine conditions for optimal performance.
The standard fully automatic ignition offers less maintenance in exchange for having to add an external ignition box, which takes up space and makes the look under the hood less original.
Electronic ignition with pickup sensor – the signal goes to an external box that controls the ignition coil
The holy grail: modern, microsecond precision electronics combined with an original look
In 2001, 123ignition was born: the first fully electronic ignition without mechanical springs or external box. A true drop-in replacement with the original look and feel.
- Electronics Integrated in the Distributor: The electronics with microcontroller for extremely accurate timing are integrated in the housing to preserve the original look and make the ignition a drop-in replacement.
- Spark Timed and Controlled by a Microcontroller: An integrated microcontroller with adaptive dwell current produces powerful sparks at any speed, timed to the microsecond perfectly. Besides, the coil current is automatically switched off at standstill to ensure that the ignition coil cannot overheat.
- Models with Bluetooth available: Many models are even available as Bluetooth version. This allows to adjust the curve on a phone/tablet and see real-time information about the engine and ignition while driving.
This design combined best of both worlds: a drop-in replacement with an original appearance combined with an always powerful spark at any speed, timed to the microsecond perfectly.
The impact on classic cars
While modern cars have long since adopted even more advanced ignition technologies, such as coil-on-plug systems, the impact of electronic ignition systems on classic cars has been profound. Enthusiasts and restorers often upgrade older vehicles with modern electronic ignition systems for several reasons:
- Improved Reliability: Fully electronic ignition systems like the 123ignition are less prone to wear and require near zero maintenance compared to distributors with breaker points and mechanical springs.
- Enhanced Performance: Microcontroller determined ignition timing leads to better engine performance, smoother running, and improved fuel efficiency.
- Ease of Maintenance: A fully electronic ignition system reduces the need for frequent adjustments, making classic cars easier to maintain.
Converting classic cars to electronic ignition
For classic car owners, converting from a points-based ignition system to a fully electronic ignition system with microcontroller can be a worthwhile upgrade. Distributor models are available for a wide range of classic car models, providing the benefits of modern ignition technology while preserving the original look and feel of the vehicle.
- Installation: High quality distributors can be installed with basic tools and mechanical knowledge.
- Compatibility: Ignition distributors like the 123 are a drop-in replacement for the original components, ensuring compatibility with existing engine configurations.
Conclusion
The evolution of ignition systems from mechanical points to sophisticated electronic systems represents a significant advancement in automotive technology. For classic car enthusiasts, upgrading to a high quality, fully electronic ignition not only enhances the driving experience but also ensures that these beloved vehicles remain reliable and enjoyable for years to come. As we continue to appreciate and preserve classic cars, understanding and embracing these technological advancements helps keep automotive history alive and well.
